豊 安濃

Toynbee's Challenge-and-Response Theory Revisited: An Anno Mathematical History (AMH) Approach

This paper presents a mathematical reformulation of Arnold Toynbee's Challenge-and-Response theory using the Anno Mathematical History (AMH) framework. Civilizational dynamics are represented through state variables of Extraction (G), Redistribution (R), and Developmental Potenti...

Resilience, Not Stress: A Historical Index of Political Stability

This study proposes a resilience‑based framework for evaluating political stability through a historical index that captures how states withstand and recover from structural stress. Rather than interpreting instability as the accumulation of stress factors, the model conceptualiz...