Huayin Wang

The Theory of Data

Version 8.0 of The Theory of Data develops an ontology and body of law for governed analytical data. It begins from the assertion that a value stands at a governed analytical location, then develops universes, anchors, measure families, governed expressions, participation, suppor...

Frame-QL: An Introduction

Frame-QL is a storage-independent query language for declaring a governed analytical result. The requester names the analytical quantities to be returned, declares the final anchor at which the result frame should exist, and states conditions that shape the request. The requester...

The Theory of Certainty

The Theory of Certainty develops a concise framework for analytical and operational reliance. Its central claim is that the same expectation can rest on different grounds of certainty, and those grounds are not interchangeable. The paper distinguishes three important families of...

A Primer on the Theory of Data

A table is a container. Rows and columns are an arrangement within that container.SQL is a language for manipulating the arrangement. Numbers and strings are rep-resentations used to store values. All are useful, but none tells us what makes a dataobject exist, what gives it mean...

The Theory of Data: A Foundational Framework for Governed Analytical Data, Lawful Transformation, and Certification

The Theory of Data develops a foundational framework for governed analytical data, lawful transformation, and certification. A datum is one typed value at one anchor point. A member is a homogeneous typed partial function binding datums over one anchor within one universe. A meas...

The Theory of Data: An Introduction — Analytical Meaning, Lawful Transformation, and Governed Results

The Theory of Data: An Introduction presents an accessible introduction to the Theory of Data for analysts, data engineers, analytics engineers, semantic-layer developers, and AI engineers. The Theory begins from a distinction that analytical systems often leave implicit: produci...

Regime Has a Contract: Intervention, Observation, and the Data Foundation of Causal Identification

The Theory of Data distinguishes event and spine universes by their point-existence laws but does not, by that distinction alone, specify how values are generated at those points. This paper introduces regime as a separate governed object: the value-generation arrangement under w...

Missingness Has a Universe: A Typed and Compositional Foundation for Missing-Data Research

Version 1.1 is a vocabulary revision, content-preserving: aligned with The Theory of Data, Version 4.0 — a measure is the governed family; a member of a measure is a governed series; a series is a typed binding of datums over one anchor. Nothing is altered in substance.Modern mis...

Missingness Has a Universe: A Typed and Compositional Foundation for Missing-Data Research

Version 1.1 is a vocabulary revision, content-preserving: aligned with The Theory of Data, Version 4.0 — a measure is the governed family; a member of a measure is a governed series; a series is a typed binding of datums over one anchor. Nothing is altered in substance.Modern mis...

Missingness Has a Universe: A Typed and Compositional Foundation for Missing-Data Research

Version 1.1 is a vocabulary revision, content-preserving: aligned with The Theory of Data, Version 4.0 — a measure is the governed family; a member of a measure is a governed series; a series is a typed binding of datums over one anchor. Nothing is altered in substance.Modern mis...

The Theory of Data — Particles, Atoms, Anchors, Universes, and Lawful Transformation

This paper develops a foundational framework for governed analytical objects, lawful transformation, and certification. A particle is one typed value at one anchor point. An atom member is a homogeneous typed partial function that binds particles over one anchor within one univer...

Missingness Has a Universe: A Typed and Compositional Foundation for Missing-Data Research

Modern missing-data theory has developed powerful accounts of missingness mechanisms, ignorability, recoverability, testability, imputation, sensitivity analysis, and nonresponse. Yet most of this work begins after a data foundation has already been fixed: units, variables, obser...

Frame-QL: An Introduction

Frame-QL is a language for declaring a governed analytical result: the requester names the analytical objects, declares the output anchor, and states the conditions — never the relational operations that produce them. This introduction develops the governing idea (the output fram...