Helge Kampen

Winter activity and virus infection of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in German livestock housing before and during the 2024 BTV-3 outbreak

BACKGROUND: Despite its importance for Culicoides-borne disease risk assessment, the winter activity of species of this biting midge genus remains poorly characterized. Moreover, information on virus circulation in winter-active Culicoides vectors, both under endemic conditions a...