Gulsim Aitkhozhayeva

Integrating Seismic and Environmental Hazard Factors into State Land Cadastral Valuation: A Case Study of the Bostandyk District, Almaty

Existing state cadastral land valuation methodologies often focus exclusively on economic factors while ignoring geo-environmental hazards. This paper proposes a mechanism for incorporating seismic risk indicators and environmental degradation into the cadastral model to improve...