Molecular-Genetic Characteristics Of Representatives Of The Genus Hirudo: A Review Of Modern Studies

Abstract

The bite of an in infected Aedes mosquito (Aedes aegypti or, Aedes albopictus) can transmit the virus that This review summarizes and analyzes recent molecular genetic studies on the genus Hirudo, with particular emphasis on Hirudo orientalis. The review is based primarily on scientific literature published between 2004 and 2024, covering molecular identification, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic relationships among species. The analysis demonstrates that identification based solely on morphological characteristics is insufficient for the accurate discrimination of morphologically similar species such as H. medicinalis, H. verbana, and H. orientalis. The application of mitochondrial COI and 12S rRNA markers, together with nuclear ITS1/ITS2 markers, has enabled the identification of genetic differences among these species and supported their recognition as distinct taxa. In particular, molecular studies of H. orientalis have revealed the presence of intraspecific genetic diversity and distinct haplotypes, while also contributing significantly to the understanding of its geographic and phylogenetic characteristics. Overall, the application of molecular genetic methods is of considerable importance for the accurate identification of Hirudo species, determination of their taxonomic status, investigation of their phylogenetic relationships, and assessment of the genetic diversity of their natural populationsviridae family, are transmitted by the bite of an infected aedes mosquito. Dengue is widespread in over 100 nations worldwide. There is currently no specific treatment for this illness in modern medicine. According to Ayurveda, Dandaka Jwara, is associated with dengue fever. For this reason, it is often referred to as "break bone fever." Since contemporary science has no cure for dengue fever, Ayurveda can be a very helpful tool in controlling the illness. However, a complete understanding of dengue fever from both a modern and an ayurvedic perspective is required. Keywords: Molecular, review article, Hirudo, Hirudo orientalis, phylogenetic.