A Multiphysics Model of Magnetically Enhanced ATP Hydrolysis in Ferromagnetic Nanosystems

Abstract

This study develops a multiphysics framework for evaluating whether alternating magnetic fields (AMF) applied to Fe₃O₄ and MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles can modify ATP hydrolysis through thermal, mechanical, and ion-mediated pathways. Rather than assigning a single phenomenological magnetic activation-energy reduction to all effects, the model starts from Arrhenius/Eyring kinetics and derives the observed rate change as the sum of a temperature-dependent contribution and explicitly defined non-thermal perturbations. The thermal term is constrained by the measured temperature history and nanoparticle specific absorption rate (SAR); the mechanical term is related to magnetic torque, hydrodynamic damping, and experimentally measurable particle motion; and the catalytic term is expressed through independently measurable Fe²⁺/Mn²⁺ concentrations and dose-response parameters. The available experimental observations reported in the original manuscript—2.5–3-fold enhancement of non-enzymatic hydrolysis under nanoparticle/AMF conditions, approximately 40% enhancement of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity under stated isothermal conditions, and Raman/FTIR changes in phosphate-associated bands—are retained, but their interpretation is deliberately narrowed. In particular, the present data support rate enhancement under specified conditions and are consistent with multiple mechanisms; they do not, by themselves, establish a unique mechanical mechanism, nanoscale temperature gradients, or synergistic coupling. A mechanism-separation experimental matrix is therefore defined, together with quantitative spectroscopic observables and statistical requirements.