PV-ESS Integrated Operation Analysis of a Major Railway Station Based on Measured Load: 15-min Peak Demand and Time-of-Use Tariff

Abstract

Railway stations run continuously with flat, base-load-dominated electricity demand, so the value of photovoltaics (PV) and energy storage (ESS) differs from buildings with daily peaks. This study analyzes PV-ESS integrated operation for SRT station using twelve months of metered hourly electricity and within-hour 15-minute maximum demand, the 202 kW rooftop PV scaled to its 2024 measured yield, and the industrial time-of-use (TOU) tariff with weekend and holiday rules. The load averages 685 kW with a load factor of 0.55 and an annual 15-minute peak of 1,245 kW as short spikes; PV covers 4.1% of demand with no export. Expanding rooftop PV to about 1,000 kW keeps self-consumption at 100% but raises self-sufficiency only to 20% and cuts the annual peak by only 38 kW. For flat-load stations the value of storage lies in demand-charge reduction rather than arbitrage or self-sufficiency.