An Electrical Safety Framework Linking Pre-use Inspection, Periodic Inspection, and Detailed Safety Checks for ESS Equipped with Grid-Forming PCS

Abstract

As renewable energy and inverter-based resources expand, voltage and frequency support is shifting from synchronous machines to power-electronic resources. Battery ESS power conversion systems are thus evolving into key assets for grid support, islanded operation, and system restoration. Grid-forming (GFM) PCS can provide voltage and frequency formation, active and reactive power control, fault ride-through, black start, and resynchronization, requiring a safety framework beyond that for conventional grid-following PCS. This study proposes an integrated framework linking pre-use inspection, periodic inspection, and detailed safety checks from the perspective of electrical safety inspection in Korea. Domestic regulations and international standards were reviewed, GFM-specific risks were identified, and inspection and diagnostic items were mapped to design, commissioning, operation, and abnormal conditions. A conceptual industrial ESS case matrix was used to demonstrate applicability.