Ireland & the Ocean: a decade dive review into Ocean Literacy

Abstract

Human and natural systems are deeply interconnected, influencing one another for centuries. In recent decades, the protection of the marine environment has gained prominence, particularly following several reports linking climate change, biodiversity loss and ocean pollution to human health. Ocean Literacy (OL), a framework that promotes education for sustainable development (ESD) focused on the ocean, is emerging as a strategic bridge between education, sustainability, and public policy. While global attention in OL has increased, Ireland’s efforts are still fragmented, low and inconsistent. This systematic literature review analyses 19 peer-reviewed publications between 2014 and 2024, focusing on educational research, public perception studies and marine policy briefs, to evaluate their alignment with education frameworks. Results reveal that ‘biodiversity loss’ is underrepresented in education activities, compared to ‘climate change’ and ‘ocean pollution’, despite the fact that efforts to promote biodiversity have increased over time. This work explores how OL has been integrated into the national curriculum in Ireland. Despite initiatives such as the Marine Institute’s Explorers Education Programme, the An Taisce Green School Marine Citizenship flag, or the Irish Ocean Literacy Network, most OL efforts remain dependent on short-term funding. This work also highlights the importance of OL strategies in Ireland, and how integrating cultural heritage, science communication and youth engagement promotes Ocean knowledge and behavioural change. The recommendations provided address knowledge gaps, and a multidisciplinary and multigenerational cultural shift on Ocean stewardship that promotes Education for Sustainable Development.