Self-Amplifying Cascade Enzymatic Nanoplatform Orchestrating Metabolic Reprogramming and Oxidative Stress for Antitumor Therapy

Abstract

Abstract Nanocatalytic tumor therapy utilizes nanomaterials to catalyze chemical reactions, producing cytotoxic species that kill tumor cells; however, the metabolic heterogeneity of tumor cells significantly compromises therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we developed a self-amplifying cascade enzymatic nanoplatform (ReS2@GOx) for nanocatalytic tumor therapy by orchestrating metabolic reprogramming and oxidative stress. This nanoplatform integrates rhenium disulfide (ReS2) nanozyme possessing trimodal enzyme-mimetic activities (catalase (CAT)-like, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase (NOX)-like, and glutathione oxidase (GSHOx)-like activities) with glucose oxidase (GOx), enabling three interlocked therapeutic actions: (1) external energy-independent singlet oxygen (1O2) generation through ReS2-mediated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) conversion involving a superoxide anion (•O2-) intermediate; (2) attenuation of metabolic circuits through NADH oxidation and glutathione depletion; and (3) a cyclic cascade reaction driven by GOx-mediated glucose oxidation and H2O2 production, coupled with CAT-mediated H2O2-to-O2 conversion, sustaining glucose oxidation and NADH consumption. Mechanistic studies reveal a noncanonical 1O2 generation pathway involving electron shuttle-mediated •O2– conversion, establishing a redox loop fueled by endogenous substrates (e.g., glucose, NADH). The coordinated enzymatic triad achieves dual tumor suppression, including blocking adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by inhibiting glycolysis/oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and inducing lipid peroxidation. This work demonstrates a nanocatalytic tumor therapy strategy that orchestrates tumor metabolism to potentiate oxidative lethality, highlighting the therapeutic potential of metabolic regulation for tumor treatment.