Multi‐Objective RSM Optimization of Emission and Performance Characteristics in a Diesel Engine Fueled With BaTiO 3 Nano‐Enhanced Jojoba Biodiesel

Abstract

ABSTRACT The increasing demand for transportation decarbonization, rising fossil fuel prices, and concerns over the finite availability of conventional energy resources, have intensified the search for sustainable alternatives to petroleum‐derived fuels. Biofuels have emerged as promising candidates for reducing the dependence of the transportation sector on fossil fuels and supporting the transition toward cleaner energy systems, consistent with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7). Due to its physical and chemical similarities to diesel fuel, biodiesel is one of the most viable substitutes for these conventional fuels and may be used in diesel engines without substantial changes. This study examines the application of biodiesel made from the non‐renewable source material jojoba in a single‐cylinder diesel engine and assesses the impact of adding barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) nanoparticles to enhance combustion efficiency and lower exhaust emissions. Three distinct concentrations of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles (50, 100, and 150 ppm) and six different engine load conditions were used in experimental investigations. In addition to determining the overall effect of the additive, the main objective of this study is to statistically determine the ideal nanoparticle concentration in terms of emission and performance parameters. In this case, multivariate optimization was carried out after modeling the experimental data using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The implemented RSM models were shown to have low error rates (1.84%–8.87%) and high fit, with R 2 values ranging from 0.9185 to 0.9953. These findings show that the model accurately reproduces the experimental data. Additionally, three distinct optimization scenarios were used: emission‐oriented, performance‐oriented, and balanced. The optimal BaTiO 3 addition was found to fall within a narrow range (about 48.95–51.31 ppm) in each situation, where emission and performance metrics were determined to be significantly balanced. In conclusion, it was found that adding BaTiO 3 nanoparticles to jojoba biodiesel blends enhances combustion properties, lowers emissions, and produces a more competitive and ecologically friendly alternative to fossil diesel fuels.