Association Between Anthropogenic Noise and the Spatial Distribution of Feral Rock Doves (Columba livia) in Githurai, Kiambu County, Kenya

Abstract

AbstractBackground: Urbanization drastically alters natural soundscapes, introducing widespread anthropogenic noise that influences wildlife behavior and habitat selection. Feral rock doves (Columba livia) are highly successful urban exploiters, yet the specific impacts of localized human noise on their spatial distribution within rapidly developing East African suburban hubs remain understudied. Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between anthropogenic noise levels and the spatial distribution of feral rock doves in Githurai, Kiambu County, Kenya. Methodology: We mapped rock dove population densities across varied urban zones (residential, commercial, and transit corridors) in Githurai. Ambient noise levels (dB) were recorded at standardized intervals alongside flock sizes, human foot traffic, and structural features. Spatial analysis and regression models were utilized to evaluate the correlation between noise intensity and dove distribution. Results: The findings reveal that while rock doves heavily utilize high-traffic commercial and transit zones for foraging, their localized nesting and roosting distributions are significantly constrained by extreme decibel thresholds. Doves demonstrated a preference for micro-habitats with moderate noise levels, balancing resource availability against acoustic disturbance. Conclusion: These results suggest that even highly adapted urban adapters like Columba livia exhibit spatial partitioning in response to severe anthropogenic noise. This highlights the need to integrate acoustic ecology into urban planning and wildlife management in rapidly expanding Kenyan metropolitan areas.