A Systematic Review of Wideband Harmonic Impedance Identification Methodologies in Inverter-Based Transmission Networks

Abstract

The global transition toward decarbonization has accelerated the deployment of inverter-based resources (IBRs) and non-linear loads, introducing acute wideband power quality challenges that necessitate the accurate characterization of frequency-dependent network harmonic impedance. Guided by the PRISMA framework, this paper presents a comprehensive systematic review of state-of-the-art harmonic identification methodologies, screening 241 records to synthesize 27 high-fidelity studies. The review rigorously categorizes existing studies into invasive, non-invasive, and quasi-invasive empirical frameworks while evaluating the evolution of analytical modeling. Crucially, this synthesis identifies a significant research gap: the systemic omission of structural contingency (N−1) analysis within current harmonic estimation workflows, which overlooks critical resonance migration during forced outages. To address these vulnerabilities, the paper outlines future research trajectories focused on standardized benchmarking and automated harmonic contingency engines to ensure the operational resilience of next-generation low-inertia electrical networks.