Antecedents and outcome of AI adoption: The case of Ghanaian SMEs

Abstract

This study examines the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana, focusing on the antecedent factors that shape adoption decisions and the perceived impacts of integration into business operations. The study employs a qualitative approach and a multiple-case study design guided by the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide with 15 participants across seven purposively selected SMEs. The collected data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that adoption is influenced by compatibility with existing processes, financial readiness, leadership innovativeness, and external market pressures. The findings further suggest that AI adoption is associated with perceived improvements in productivity, decision-making, and competitiveness. The study highlights how contextual drivers and leadership orientations mediate adoption practices in emerging economies. These insights provide practical implications for policymakers, SME leaders, and support institutions seeking to foster digital innovation in similar environments.