True Synthetic Intelligence.

Abstract

For anyone tracking alternative computing substrates beyond pure transformer scaling — researchers, hardware engineers, philosophers of mind, or policy people interested in energy-efficient and biologically grounded AI — this is a high-value, up-to-date briefing document as of 27 September 2026. It correctly situates recent experimental results inside a coherent conceptual frame and flags both the promise and the remaining gaps. It is educationally and scientifically useful; treat the TSI criteria as a thoughtful proposal rather than settled consensus.