Hawking radiation from a semi-classical Schwarzschild black hole

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the evaporation process of a Schwarzschild black hole, incorporating quantum corrections arising from conformal anomaly and vacuum polarization. We show that these quantum corrections significantly modify the Hawking radiation and thermodynamic behavior of the black hole. In particular, the Hawking temperature reaches a maximum value and subsequently decreases as the black hole loses mass, eventually vanishing in the extremal limit. The evaporation process therefore approaches an extremal remnant configuration with zero Hawking temperature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the black hole entropy receives logarithmic corrections due to the modified thermodynamic structure. Hawking radiation is also analyzed using the Parikh–Wilczek tunneling method, which confirms the consistency of the obtained thermodynamic behavior within the quantum-corrected framework.