Innovation of Paving Stones for the Control of Surface Runoff for a Sustainable Environment: A Case Study of AIT to Block Factory Junction

Abstract

Urbanization in the Greater Accra region of Ghana has intensified surface runoff, flooding, and water pollution due to the proliferation of impermeable surfaces that disrupt natural drainage and reduce groundwater recharge. To address this challenge, this study investigates the development of sustainable permeable paving stones as an alternative to conventional pavers, aiming to mitigate runoff impacts around the AIT Hill Top Junction area and maximize the efficiency of existing drainage infrastructure. An experimental methodology was adopted to evaluate the mechanical and hydraulic properties of permeable paving stone mixtures. A total of forty-eight samples were cast using two cement brands Dangote 42.5R and Ghacem 42.5R with fine aggregates (quarry dust), coarse aggregates (granite), and silica fume (SF) as an additive. Comprehensive tests were conducted to determine compressive strength, moisture content, workability, and permeability, while secondary data on chemical composition were analyzed to explain performance variations. The results show that the paving stones exhibit moderate permeability, with an infiltration rate of 0.625 ml/s, while also revealing that cement composition significantly affects compressive strength. Specifically, Dangote 42.5R cement, with its higher CaO and lower SiO₂ content, produced the strongest samples, achieving an average compressive strength of 26.55 N/mm² and a water absorption rate of 10.38%., the inclusion of silica fume was found to enhance strength through pozzolanic reactions. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of permeable paving stones for sustainable urban drainage systems and establish a foundational framework for improved design and construction practices. Ultimately, this research offers practical evidence for the feasibility of permeable pavements in tropical environments, contributing to more resilient stormwater management and sustainable infrastructure development.