Spatiotemporal Pattern Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of World Botanical Gardens Over Five Centuries

Abstract

ABSTRACT Botanical gardens are the main means of ex situ conservation of biodiversity. The world's first botanical garden with modern significance was established in Italy in 1543, and since then, the proliferation of these institutions has exhibited clear spatiotemporal patterns. Based on a systematic review of the literature, the present paper divides these temporal and spatial aspects of botanical garden development over the past 500 years into three major phases: the initial exploration stage (1543–1699), the steady development stage (1700–1899), and the rapid development stage (1900–2020). Six distinct sub‐stages are identified and examined. Furthermore, while scrutinizing the progression and achievements of each stage, we discerned three driving mechanisms for the rise, dissemination, development, and evolution of botanical gardens: human civilization and progress; culture, health, science, and education; and the world nature conservation movement. These findings are expected to serve as a valuable reference point for the ongoing construction, management, and practice of botanical gardens. A series of recommendations is also proposed to support these endeavors.