Society & Economicsarticle2026-09-20

THE WAR IN UKRAINE. HOW AND WHY IT HAPPENED. IN 11 SIMPLE STEPS.

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Abstract

A) In 1990, the Soviet Union was dissolved. In the treaty establishing the new states that emerged (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Baltic states), there was a strong (verbal) agreement that provided for NEUTRALITY—not membership in any military alliance (e.g., NATO) hostile to Russia. B) This agreement was made between George H. W. Bush and Gorbachev, that NATO would not expand eastward, in exchange for Russia giving up any rights over East Germany. .........

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View paper (DOI)Open access versionOpenAlexKnowledge Commons (Lakehead University)Published 2026-09-20

Authors: STEFANOS SOTIRIOU

Institutions: Athens State University