The spread of conspiracy theories and distrust in the healthcare system: a qualitative study of physicians’ experiences in Poland

Abstract

Introduction This study explores how Polish physicians encounter conspiracy theories (CTs) and how these narratives shape clinical practice and institutional trust. We argue that CTs are not simply individual cognitive biases, but a deeply social phenomenon, nourished by communication failures, social inequalities, and a broader crisis of trust in institutions.Theory Drawing on theories of conspiracy beliefs, institutional trust, agnotology, and health inequalities, the study explains how deficits in trust, fragmented communication, and unequal access to healthcare increase vulnerability to CTs and erode commitment to evidence-based medicine.Method We adopted a qualitative design based on a focus group with eight Polish physicians. Data were collected through a semi-structured discussion and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to identify recurring meanings and patterns.Results The findings show that belief in CTs weakens medical authority, undermines trust in healthcare institutions, and fuels anti-health behaviours. It also places a heavy emotional burden on healthcare workers. The problem also affects the medical community, further eroding professional standards.Discussion The study underscores the urgent need for improved communication, targeted educational initiatives, and the reinforcement of professional standards. It also calls for further mixed-methods research to track trends and assess the effectiveness of systemic interventions.