Soft bioelectronics for wireless drug delivery: programmable, minimally invasive and closed-loop therapeutics

Abstract

Abstract Soft bioelectronics is reshaping drug delivery from passive dosing to programmable, tissue-interfaced therapeutics. This Review examines the co-design of soft materials, wireless power, drug reservoirs, release mechanisms and feedback control for wearable and minimally invasive implantable therapeutic systems. We organize the field around key constraints including controllability, reversibility, payload capacity, dosing precision, drug stability and feedback latency, guiding the development of adaptive closed-loop drug delivery platforms for clinical translation.