Anthropocene-Driven Environmental Risks and Disease Prognosis in Small-Scale Poultry Farming in India

Abstract

AbstractPoultry farming plays a vital role in supporting rural livelihoods, enhancing nutritional security and contributing to the economic development of India. As one of the fastest-growing agricultural sectors, it provides an accessible and affordable source of animal protein through eggs and meat. Small-scale and backyard poultry systems are widely practiced in rural areas due to their low initial investment, minimal infrastructure requirements and quick economic returns. These systems are particularly important for small and marginal farmers, landless laborers and rural households, while also contributing to women’s empowerment and household income generation.However, the intensification of environmental change in the Anthropocene has introduced significant challenges to poultry health and productivity. Climate variability, ecological degradation and anthropogenic stressors increasingly influence disease dynamics in small-scale poultry systems. Inadequate biosecurity, high stocking density, limited veterinary access and low awareness of disease prevention further elevate disease risks. Environmental stressors weaken host immunity, enhance pathogen transmission and increase the incidence and severity of diseases such as avian influenza, Newcastle disease and coccidiosis.In this context, disease prognosis-the prediction of disease course, severity and outcomes becomes essential for effective disease management. Understanding interactions among environmental factors, host susceptibility and farm practices enables early detection and timely intervention. This review examines the link between Anthropocene-driven environmental risks and disease prognosis in small-scale poultry farming in India. It highlights the importance of improved surveillance systems, vaccination programs, biosecurity measures and climate-resilient farm management practices.The study emphasizes the need to integrate environmental awareness with disease control strategies. Strengthening veterinary services, enhancing farmer education, and adopting a “One Health approach” are critical for mitigating risks at the human-animal-environment interface. Overall, interdisciplinary and sustainable interventions are essential to improve poultry health, reduce disease burden and ensure the long-term resilience of small-scale poultry farming systems in India.