Mapping genetic modifiers of epimutation rates identifies VIM2/4 as dosage-sensitive negative regulators of CG methylation maintenance

Abstract

Abstract Spontaneous epimutations are stochastic gains and losses of cytosine methylation that arise from imperfect maintenance across cell divisions. At CG sites, such epimutations can be inherited across generations in plants and constitute a major source of CG methylation (mCG) diversity. However, why the fidelity of mCG inheritance varies among genotypes, and how this variation relates to steady-state mCG levels, remains poorly understood. Here we tracked DNA methylation over 10 generations in ~400 mutation-accumulation lines derived from ~70 Arabidopsis thaliana Ler × Cvi recombinant inbred founders. By treating methylation gain and loss rates as quantitative molecular traits, we mapped a major-effect locus to a Cvi-derived deletion between VARIANT IN METHYLATION ( VIM ) 2 and VIM4 , two key components of the METHYLTRANSFERASE 1-dependent mCG maintenance pathway. Lines carrying this deletion showed elevated VIM2 / 4 ( VIM2 and VIM4 ) expression, a rapid shift of genome-wide mCG towards a lower steady state and reduced fidelity of methylation inheritance across generations. Complementary overexpression and loss-of-function experiments identify VIM2 / 4 as dosage-sensitive negative regulators of mCG maintenance, in contrast to the canonical positive role of VIM-family proteins in mCG. Together, our results support a punctuated-equilibrium model of DNA methylome evolution, in which naturally segregating modifiers of mCG homeostasis can produce abrupt shifts in methylation state and alter the rate at which heritable epigenetic variation accumulates in plant genomes.