Contrasting Resilience Diagnostics in Route-Preserving Multimodal Transit Hypergraphs

Abstract

Most multimodal transit studies use pairwise or multilayer graphs that discard route membership. We construct route-preserving bus–metro hypergraphs for 45 Chinese cities. A route-support rule makes node viability depend on the fraction of incident routes that remain viable. Transfer-first attack is the most damaging static strategy in 33 cities. PPCR is associated with greater connectivity retention under random disruption (r=0.807), but with deeper route-support pruning under targeted triggering. Connectivity retention, route-support outcomes, and recovery are only moderately aligned (mean |ρ|=0.52). Three principal components are needed to explain 90% of their variance. Multimodal resilience, therefore, cannot be summarized by one ranking. The hypergraph preserves route-dependent failure as a native model property.