Mongolian Tsam Masks: Form, Symbolism, and Transformation

Abstract

Abstract Mongolian tsam masks represent an important component of Vajrayana Buddhist ritual culture and visual heritage. Historically, these masks functioned as sacred ritual objects that embodied religious symbolism and played a central role in tsam performances. Despite their cultural significance, limited scholarly attention has been devoted to examining how the design and symbolic functions of tsam masks have changed in contemporary Mongolia. This study investigates the transformation of Mongolian tsam masks through a comparative analysis of traditional Khuree tsam masks and contemporary masks used in modern performances. The research is based on selected examples preserved in the Choijin Lama Temple Museum and masks currently used in Dashchoilon Monastery. A semiotic approach is employed to analyze differences in form, materials, iconographic elements, and ritual functions. The findings demonstrate that traditional tsam masks were produced according to strict religious and iconographic conventions, with materials, scale, and decorative features closely connected to ritual meaning. In contrast, contemporary masks tend to emphasize practicality, visual presentation, and performance requirements, resulting in the simplification of certain symbolic and artistic elements. These changes reflect broader transformations in the social and cultural role of tsam within modern Mongolian society. The study contributes to understanding the relationship between ritual tradition, visual symbolism, and cultural preservation by highlighting both continuity and adaptation in contemporary tsam practices.