Leaky-wave antenna design based on the Synergistic Hybrid Electric Eel Algorithm (SHEEA)

Abstract

To tackle the strongly-coupled multi-objective optimization challenges in leaky-wave antenna (LWA) design, a Synergistic Hybrid Electric Eel Algorithm (SHEEA) is proposed. Built upon the Electric Eel Foraging Optimization (EEFO) framework, SHEEA integrates simulated annealing acceptance criterion to establish a four-stage collaborative evolutionary architecture, enabling a dynamic balance between global exploration and local exploitation through adaptive energy-state switching. A composite fitness function is formulated, explicitly incorporating a sidelobe suppression term, to simultaneously optimize impedance bandwidth, axial ratio, gain, and beam-pointing stability. Applied to a dual-band dual-circularly polarized LWA operating in the 6.2–8 GHz band, the SHEEA-optimized antenna achieves left-hand circular polarization in 6.235–6.583 GHz and right-hand circular polarization in 7.423–7.474 GHz, with return loss below −10 dB and axial ratio under 3 dB. The peak gains reach 11 and 13 dBi in the two bands, while mainlobe-to-sidelobe level differences of 10.73 dB and 10.22 dB verify effective sidelobe suppression.