Physics & Spacearticle2026-08-29

THE FREE NEUTRON: A TRANSIENT PHASE STATE

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Abstract

In the V3 Architecture, the neutron is a saturated proton vortex — a proton whose electron boundary layer has collapsed into the vortex core. This state is stable only when the ambient phase pressure is maintained at or above the critical threshold Φ_critical = -51.1 mV.

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View paper (DOI)Open access versionOpenAlexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)Published 2026-08-29

Authors: OUTAIL benhadid