Ladder Model of the Filament (Qitmir) - A Preon Model with N=5
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Abstract
Ladder model for fractional charges. Formula Q=(n+-3)/3 with N=5 minimal. Gives +2/3, -1/3, -1, 0 charges. Two PDFs included English and Arabic with figures. Author Mahmoud Hadri.
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View paper (DOI)Open access versionOpenAlexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)Published 2026-08-27
Authors: Mahmoud Hadri