Association Between Diabetic Retinopathy and Skin Autofluorescence in Individuals with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes and No History of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Among the established risk factors for DR, “metabolic memory” plays a key role. Its development is mainly driven by advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), some of which possess characteristic fluorescent properties. Aims: To examine the relationship between skin AGEs, noninvasively assessed through skin autofluorescence (SAF), and the presence and severity of DR in subjects with long-standing type 1 DM (T1DM) and no history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Methods: 81 subjects with T1DM and 45 healthy controls were included. All individuals underwent SAF measurements and fundus photographs were taken in subjects with T1DM. Associations between SAF, its change over time and the presence and severity of DR were analyzed. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between SAF and the severity of DR. Only SAF and renal parameters showed a significant positive association with the presence of sight-threatening DR (STDR). There was a statistically significant increase in SAF levels over 3 years in STDR. Conclusions: SAF, but not HbA1c or diabetes duration, was associated with the severity of DR. SAF may therefore represent a promising, rapid, and non-invasive biomarker for identifying individuals at increased risk of STDR.