Two-photon polymerization — sub-100 nm photopolymer 3D printing

Abstract

This white paper covers two-photon polymerization for sub-100 nm photopolymer 3D printing using specialised resins and Fine Tuner systems for VIS-NIR and 1035 nm femtosecond laser platforms. 2PP requires a different formulation logic from standard VPP: two-photon absorption efficiency, laser wavelength, voxel size, writing speed and nanoscale shrinkage dominate the process window.