Linguistic and gender dynamics in sustainable tourism: A comparative analysis of Bali, Indonesia and Bukidnon, Philippines

Abstract

This comparative study examines the linguistic characteristics of indigenous people men and women within tourism contexts in Bali, Indonesia and Bukidnon, Philippines. Data were obtained through observation method at each field site and semi-structured interviews also conducted, especially to obtained the data related to culture and tourism. Employing Hymes’ SPEAKING model, the study elucidates how gendered communication strategies signify extensive cultural, social, and economic shifts. The results indicate that the discourse of indigenous men focuses on advocacy, storytelling, and community development, whereas the language of women prioritizes instruction, ritual respect, and cultural mediation. Both groups use code-switching to make their cultures more real and easier to understand, connecting local customs with the needs of tourists from around the world. The study shows how language and gender roles change over time, which helps make community-based tourism more sustainable and strengthens Indigenous identity. These insights highlight the importance of inclusive linguistic practices in promoting fair and long-lasting tourism growth.