Predictive Processing in Sport and Exercise Science: A Scoping Review and Theoretical Overview

Abstract

Abstract Background This scoping review explored the application of predictive processing in sport and exercise science, examining how cognitive and computational models have been used to understand perceptual-motor skills, decision-making, and physical performance. The review provides a tutorial introduction to key concepts in the predictive processing literature and maps the extent of research in this area, identifying key domains of application and the level of empirical support. Methods A systematic search of EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus databases was performed, adhering to JBI methodology and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Results Twenty relevant empirical studies were discovered across all domains of sport and exercise science. Despite promising evidence, the review also uncovers significant gaps, particularly in comparing predictive-processing-specific mechanisms to alternative theories and exploring the broader implications of predictive processing for skill acquisition and training interventions. Conclusions Based on these findings, the review outlines recommendations for future research, calling for more targeted investigations that empirically test predictive processing predictions and an expansion of this approach to new areas of sport science.