Recent Advances in UV–Visible Spectrophotometric Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs: A Systematic Review

Abstract

AbstractAntipsychotic drugs are crucial for managing mental health disorders, necessitating precise analyticaltechniques for their determination in clinical and forensic contexts. Spectrophotometry, owing to itssimplicity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability, is widely used for this purpose. This reviewcomprehensively explores the advancements in spectrophotometric techniques for antipsychotic drugdetermination, covering chemometric applications, novel derivatization methods, and environmentallysustainable practices. Challenges such as limited sensitivity, matrix complexity, and interference arediscussed alongside emerging solutions, including AI-driven chemometric models, nano-sensors, andquantum dots. Comparisons with advanced analytical techniques like LC-MS underscorespectrophotometry’s relative strengths and limitations. The review also highlights future directions,emphasizing the need for enhanced sensitivity, bioanalytical applications, and high-throughputmethodologies. Innovations in instrumentation, such as portable devices and 3D-printedspectrophotometers, offer promising avenues for research and practical implementation. Byaddressing current challenges and leveraging technological advancements, spectrophotometry cancontinue to play a vital role in pharmaceutical and forensic sciences.