Exploring the nexus between energy productivity, globalization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in France using fourier-based methods

Abstract

This study examines the effects of globalization, energy productivity, primary energy consumption, and economic growth on CO₂ emissions in France. Using quarterly time-series data for France covering between 1990Q1 and 2019Q4, the study models CO₂ emissions as a function of globalization, energy productivity, primary energy consumption, and economic growth. To capture structural shifts and smooth breaks in the series, the study applies Fourier-based econometric methods, including the Fourier ADL cointegration test and the Fourier ARDL estimator. The Fourier ADL cointegration results confirm a significant long-run relationship among the variables. The Fourier ARDL estimates show that primary energy consumption and economic growth increase CO₂ emissions, indicating that energy demand and output expansion remain major sources of environmental pressure in France. In contrast, globalization and energy productivity reduce CO₂ emissions, suggesting that global integration and improved energy efficiency can support environmental sustainability. Based on these findings, the study recommends that France strengthen energy productivity policies, reduce reliance on carbon-intensive primary energy consumption, and promote cleaner technologies through globalization-driven investment and knowledge transfer. Furthermore, economic growth strategies should be aligned with low-carbon development by expanding renewable energy use, improving industrial energy efficiency, and enforcing stricter environmental standards. These measures can help France sustain economic growth while reducing CO₂ emissions and supporting climate-related Sustainable Development Goals.