Employment of Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Integrative Review of Barriers and Facilitators

Abstract

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to synthesize the international literature on the employment of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), identifying the main barriers and facilitators influencing access, inclusion, and retention in the labor market. Methods An integrative review was conducted following established integrative review guidelines, with a systematic search across seven national and international databases. Empirical studies published between 2013 and 2026 were included. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction. A qualitative thematic analysis was applied to synthesize the findings. Results Twenty-two empirical studies met the inclusion criteria. The thematic synthesis identified key barriers, including limited autism awareness within organizations, communication challenges, stigma, inflexible workplace practices, and inadequate managerial support. Key facilitators included supportive leadership, reasonable accommodations, structured communication, organizational flexibility, and recognition of autistic strengths. Overall, the findings highlight the central role of organizational, interpersonal, and contextual factors in shaping employment outcomes for autistic adults. Conclusions Employment outcomes for adults with ASD are strongly influenced by workplace structures, managerial practices, and organizational culture rather than individual characteristics alone. The findings underscore the need for evidence-based organizational strategies and public policies aimed at fostering inclusive and sustainable employment. Future research should prioritize intervention studies and longitudinal designs examining how organizational practices and leadership shape long-term employment retention.