Research on the Underlying Core Working Mechanism of Electric Motors

Abstract

Existing theories of electric motors are largely developed based on analyses of macroscopic electromagnetic phenomena and mathematical fitting. Although they can meet the requirements of engineering calculation and equipment design, they fail to clarify the most fundamental physical mechanism of electromechanical energy conversion. Conventional theories often confuse forcetransmission processes with energy-conversion processes, showing deficiencies such as ambiguous microscopic physical pictures, reversed causal relationships, and incomplete explanations of interaction mechanisms. Based on microscopic energy carriers and the laws of field coupling, this paper reconstructs the underlying physical logic of electromechanical conversion in electric motors. Energy transmitted from the power grid is carried by photon-energy packets at the microscopic scale. All primary energy conversion takes place inside the stator coils, where energy is transformed into dynamic magnetic-field energy. The magnetic-field domains of the stator and rotor overlap and couple across space to generate electromagnetic force instantaneously. Force is merely an interaction effect of fields, and its transmission needs no propagators or photons across the air gap. Only acting force is transmitted through the air gap instead of any energy or particles. The rotor does not receive external energy. Driven continuously by electromagnetic force, it rotates mechanically. Through work done by magnetic force, the magnetic-field energy converted on the stator side is finally transformed into mechanical kinetic energy. This study confirms that active energy dissipation of an electric motor must rely on the counter-coupling and relative motion of stator-rotor magnetic fields. Without mutual interaction between magnetic fields, magnetic fields can be established without energy consumption or work output. This research eliminates long-standing defects in classical electromagnetic theories including confusion between force and energy, misunderstanding of force-transmission mechanism, and ambiguous energy-transmission paths. It establishes a self-consistent and complete underlying operating mechanism for electric motors.