Terminology in para sport research: is there a “correct” way to speak about disability?

Abstract

Language used in disability sport reflects societal values and shapes how athletes are perceived. In adapted, Para, and Paralympic contexts, terms are not merely descriptive – they influence identity, inclusion, and respect. Two main approaches are discussed: person-first language, which prioritizes the individual, and identity-first language, which treats disability as central to identity. Preferences vary by age, disability type, gender identity, and lived experience. Institutional terms such as “Paralympic,” “Para sport,” and “Adapted sport” also carry distinct meanings. Current debates highlight that no model is universally superior; respectful communication depends on context and on aligning with the preferences of those represented. Researchers are encouraged to use culturally sensitive, participant-centered language that reflects the diversity within disability sport.