Neurotechnology through the lens of users and as a novel field for society

Abstract

Successful and responsible innovation in neurotechnology requires clear ethi- cal priorities and a deep understanding of individual and societal needs as well as public concerns. Recent cases of consumer exploitation, misleading claims, and inadequate patient aftercare reveal critical gaps in current practices and underscore the urgent need for more ethical, transparent, and user-centered engagement in this rapidly developing field. This study focuses on four comple- mentary domains: (1) neuroethics and embodiment; (2) the cultural embedding of neurotechnologies; (3) art and culture in relation to neurotechnology; and (4) human enhancement, technovisions, and sociotechnical imaginaries. Across these domains, the manuscript explores user and societal perceptions, high- lighting often overlooked asymmetries in communication between scientists and entrepreneurs and those who ultimately receive research outcomes in the form of products. Drawing on the authors’ multidisciplinary expertise and a synthe- sis of the relevant literature, the manuscript outlines a possible foundation for developing more balanced, inclusive and symmetric communication formats that empower stakeholders regardless of status or expertise. Integrating insights from neurotechnology with applied ethics, the humanities, social sciences, technology assessment and the arts, this work seeks to contribute to a broader understand- ing of the societal and individual impacts of emerging neurotechnologies and to support the protection and empowerment of users by prioritizing their needs.