Centric Relation and Occlusal Concepts in Fixed Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

AbstractOcclusion plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of oral health and the success of restorative and prosthodontic treatment. It represents the dynamic relationship between the maxillary and mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joints, neuromuscular system, and supporting structures.Among the numerous concepts of occlusion, centric relation (CR) has emerged as the most reproducible and clinically significant mandibular position for diagnosis and treatment planning. The establishment of an accurate centric relation is fundamental for achieving harmonious function, esthetics, stability, and longevity of prosthetic restorations.Over the years, concepts regarding ideal occlusion have evolved from rigid mechanical theories to biologically adaptive approaches. Contemporary evidence indicates that successful prosthodontic treatment depends not only on achieving optimal tooth contact but also on maintaining a physiologic relationship between the condyles, articular disc, masticatory muscles, and dentition. In fixed prosthodontics and implant dentistry, understanding occlusal principles isessential because inappropriate force distribution may contribute to restoration failure, periodontal breakdown, implant complications, and temporomandibular disorders.This review discusses the historical evolution of occlusal concepts, the significance of centric relation, methods of recording centric relation, hinge axis theory, freedom in centric, occlusal considerations in fixed prosthodontics, implant-protected occlusion, and the relationship between occlusion and temporomandibular disorders. Recent advances in digital occlusal analysis and implant occlusion are also reviewed. The available evidence suggests that while no single occlusal scheme can be considered universally ideal, the principles of stable centric contacts, controlled force distribution, and harmonious mandibular function remain the cornerstone ofsuccessful prosthodontic rehabilitation.