Material Selection through Accelerated Aging Enables >95% Performance Retention of a Perovskite–Silicon Tandem Solar Cell after 1 Year of Outdoor Monitoring

Abstract

Abstract In order to ensure that the degradation modes of perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells exacerbated by accelerated aging tests are relevant to those observed under real-world operating conditions, accelerated testing should be developed in line with outdoor monitoring. Here, a short 3-day accelerated aging test under 1 sun equivalent illumination and at open-circuit conditions is validated by outdoor monitoring data. This accelerated test is used to successfully screen perovskite–silicon tandem cell architectures. In particular, by replacing 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz) with nickel oxide (NiOx) combined with the dye N719 as the hole transport layer (HTL), significantly improved stability is achieved. Exemplifying this, after 1 year of maximum power point tracking outdoors, a tandem with the NiOx/N719 HTL retains 96.4% of its initial power conversion efficiency.