Uneven Bus-based Accessibility to Essential Opportunities in Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract

Evidence on bus transport accessibility remains limited for rapidly urbanising Asian cities. This study measures bus access to nine essential opportunity types in Hanoi, Vietnam, using open-source datasets. The results show that accessibility was low, highly corridor-based and strongly unequal. At the 60-minute threshold, citywide coverage ranged from only 14.8% of hexagons for sports facilities to 29.1% for retail and grocery, while rural coverage peaked at 23.9%. Population-weighted Gini coefficients remained high, ranging from 0.603 to 0.654 across opportunity types.