Assessment of trace element distribution, bioaccumulation, and health risks in silver pomfret from major fishing grounds of the Bay of Bengal

Abstract

Trace elements, both essential and toxic, are widespread in marine ecosystems and can pose health risks through bioaccumulation in seafood. This study assessed trace element concentrations in silver pomfret ( Pampus argenteus ) from three fishing zones in the Bay of Bengal—south patches, middle ground, and swatch of no ground—within Bangladesh’s maritime area. Using EDXRF spectrometry, we analyzed elements including Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Hg, and Pb. Most elements showed significant spatial variation ( p < 0.05), except Hg and Pb. Levels of Cr, Ni, As, Hg, and Pb were below permissible limits, whereas Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and Se exceeded FAO/WHO guidelines. The Se/Hg molar ratio indicated reduced mercury toxicity. Pollution indices revealed high contamination by Cr, Mn, Se, and Co, though overall metal pollution remained low. IMBI values near 1 suggest substantial bioaccumulation, but THQ, HI, CR, and TCR levels were below risk thresholds, implying minimal health risk from consumption. Multivariate analyses, e.g., Pearson’s correlation, PCA, and HCA identified anthropogenic sources as key contributors. These findings highlight the significance of continuous monitoring to safeguard seafood quality and public health in coastal communities dependent on fish-based diets.