FLIGHT PHASE BIOMECHANICS AS PREDICTORS OF ELITE TRIPLE JUMP PERFORMANCE

Abstract

The triple jump is a technically demanding track and field event that requires athletes to generate and sustain maximal force while preserving horizontal velocity across the hop, step, and jump phases. Performance is strongly influenced by the biomechanical characteristics of each take-off phase, phase ratio distribution, movement rhythm, and the coordination of concentric and eccentric muscle actions. Although previous studies have examined phase ratios, take-off velocities, and differences between elite and novice athletes, limited attention has been given to integrating these biomechanical factors into a practical performance optimization model. Moreover, many training programs emphasize physical conditioning while overlooking the technical execution required for optimal performance. This study reviews the biomechanical determinants of triple jump performance and proposes a performance optimization model based on flight phase biomechanical factors. The model is designed to identify the critical variables influencing jump distance, provide evidence-based guidance for coaches and athletes, and support the development of individualized training strategies. By incorporating key biomechanical indicators into performance evaluation, the proposed model offers a systematic approach to improving technique, maximizing athletic potential, and enhancing overall triple jump performance