Why is Gully Erosion Escalating in Itu and Uyo Local Government Areas, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria? Local Reportage and Field Observations

Abstract

Gully erosion has transitioned from a natural geomorphic process into a widespread environmental hazard in Itu Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. This study examines the drivers of escalating gully expansion through a synthesis of local reportage, field observations, and empirical data. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, 400 questionnaires were administered across ten villages in Itam Community, supplemented by structured interviews and direct field assessments. Findings indicate that while the region is naturally susceptible due to its humid tropical climate and unconsolidated coastal plain sands, anthropogenic activities are the primary accelerators. Field data reveals that farming (35%), deforestation (30%), and sand mining (15%) are perceived as the leading human causes, compounded by poor drainage infrastructure and unregulated urban expansion. These factors have resulted in significant landscape instability, characterized by the loss of fertile agricultural land, destruction of critical infrastructure, and the displacement of residents. The study concludes that the "landscape scars" in Itu are a product of an intensifying imbalance between natural fluvial processes and human land-use pressures. To mitigate further degradation, the study suggests implementing site-specific community-based rehabilitation and fostering integrated land management approaches to erosion control.