ECOWAS between great power rivalries and internal fragmentation: Navigating crises and shifting alliances in West Africa

Abstract

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has long played a central role in conflict mediation, regional security and political stability in the region. However, its authority is now being challenged by recent military coups in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger and the emergence of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). Simultaneously, rising geopolitical competition among major powers, such as France, the US, China, and Russia, is adding further pressure and complicating ECOWAS’ ability to respond effectively. This study examines how shifting geopolitical and regional dynamics are reshaping ECOWAS’ capacity to manage crises in West Africa. It argues that rising geopolitical competition and the emergence of alternative security partnerships have weakened ECOWAS’ legitimacy, reduced the effectiveness of its enforcement mechanisms, and encouraged the rise of competing regional arrangements, such as the AES.