CRISPR/Cas9-edited organoids as a platform for tailored research of colorectal cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Mortality rates and limited therapeutic options justify the development of reliable preclinical research models, as their translational value remains limited. Simple in vitro models do not recapitulate tumor heterogeneity, while in vivo research faces ethical concerns and interspecies differences. Patient-derived organoids offer a physiologically more relevant platform that retains the genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. Tumor-derived organoids enable precise investigation of novel treatments, functional genomics, and modeling of cancer development. Integration with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing further enables accurate manipulation of specific genes to study carcinogenesis and therapeutic resistance. This review highlights recent advances in the use of organoids for colorectal cancer research and explores the potential of gene-edited organoids to discover the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying colorectal cancer development, progression, and treatment resistance.