Caffeine Consumption Patterns, Awareness, and Self-Reported Health Effects Among Adults in Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Abstract BackgroundCaffeine is widely consumed in Nepal, primarily through tea and coffee, yet its everyday health effects are often overlooked due to cultural normalization. While global studies have examined caffeine’s effects, there is a lack of research on how well adults in Nepal understand these effects in relation to their own habits. ObjectiveTo assess caffeine consumption patterns among adults in Nepal and evaluate their knowledge and perceptions of its health effects. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 204 adults in Siddharthanagar-09, Bhairahawa, using a structured questionnaire distributed via online platforms. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and associations were analyzed using chi-square tests and independent sample t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. ResultsMost participants (71.1%) consumed caffeine daily, with tea (78.4%) and coffee (63.7%) as the primary sources. Over half (52%) reported consuming caffeine on an empty stomach, mainly due to habit. Perceived benefits included increased alertness (mean score 3.63/5), focus (3.26/5), and mood (3.46/5). Indicators of dependence were common, with 74.5% reporting some level of addiction and 54.4% experiencing withdrawal symptoms. Sleep disturbance was the most frequently reported side effect (25.5%). Although 52.9% were aware of potential health effects, consumption remained high; however, 91.2% expressed willingness to reduce intake if adverse effects occurred. ConclusionCaffeine consumption is highly prevalent and culturally ingrained among participants in the study. Despite moderate awareness, habitual use and signs of dependence are common, highlighting the need for targeted public health education to promote safe and moderate consumption.