Comparative Technological Routes for Processing Chromo-Magnesian Ore Materials into Chemical and Metallurgical Products: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Chromo-magnesian ore materials constitute a complex resource base for producing both metallurgical and chemical products, yet existing research remains fragmented across beneficiation, smelting, chemical extraction, waste valorization, and refractory applications. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA 2020 using Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and SpringerLink, evaluates processing routes based on feedstock type and product orientation. Of 625 identified records, 19 studies met the final inclusion criteria. The reviewed technologies were classified into four groups: chemical processing, metallurgical reduction and smelting, integrated beneficiation–chemical–metallurgical routes, and refractory/materials production. Primary chromite ores and concentrates are predominantly used for ferrochrome and stainless-steel alloy production, whereas tailings, slimes, overburden, and serpentine-bearing materials are mainly processed into chromium oxide, magnesium compounds, and silica-rich products. Integrated routes show the greatest potential for low-grade and technogenic materials through multi-product recovery and improved resource efficiency. However, route selection depends on feedstock quality, mineralogy, target products, and process intensity. Major research gaps include limited comparative studies, insufficient mineralogy-driven process design, and inadequate techno-economic and environmental evaluation. Overall, future development should focus on integrated, feed-specific processing strategies that maximize resource utilization.