Last-Mile Route Optimization Using FMEA at a Distribution Center in Pachuca: Diagnosis and Improvement Proposal

Abstract

This study diagnoses and prioritizes the operational failures that affect last-mile route planning in a distribution center in Pachuca, Hidalgo, using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) as a quality management tool. A quantitative, descriptive-applied and non-experimental case study was conducted. A 14-item closed questionnaire was answered by 15 employees directly involved in route planning, monitoring or execution. Descriptive frequencies were used to identify recurrent problems and support the assignment of severity, occurrence and detection ratings. The highest Risk Priority Number (RPN) values corresponded to incorrect or incomplete addresses and operational changes not updated (360), followed by lack of training (336), excess parcels per route (328) and traffic not considered (320). The findings show that route performance depends on sequencing, data quality, standardized procedures and adaptive planning. A prioritized improvement plan is proposed; a pilot implementation is still required to verify reductions in delays, failed deliveries and unnecessary mileage.