AI & Computingarticle2026-07-31

Win Probabilities in the First Ahead by at Least k Multinomial Game

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Abstract

Abstract Multinomial trials having probabilities $$p_1, \ldots , p_n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are observed until one of the outcomes, called the winning outcome, has occurred at least k more times than each of the others. With $$P(A_i)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> being the probability that i is the winning outcome, we give a new approach to proving that $$P(A_j) \ge (p_j/p_i)^k P(A_i) $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when $$p_j &gt; p_i.$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> We then utilize this approach to obtain very efficient simulation estimators.

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View paper (DOI)Open access versionOpenAlexMethodology And Computing In Applied ProbabilityPublished 2026-07-31

Authors: Sheldon M. Ross

Institutions: University of Southern California